The Important Role of Skeletal Muscles in the Human Body Essay

Skeletal muscles play a huge role in the way our bodies function because without muscles, our bones would not properly be held together. Most of the body’s muscle tissue is skeletal muscle. It interacts with the skeleton to move body parts. It’s long, thin cells are called fibers and they have more than one nucleus. Their structure gives them a striped look. The muscles are considered voluntary, which means that the contractions can be controlled. A skeletal muscle contains bundles of muscle cells. Inside each cell are threadlike myofibrils, which are divided into sarcomeres, the unit of contraction. They are bundled together by connective tissue that extends past it to form tendons. A tendon is a strap of dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. Tendons make joints more stable by keeping the adjoining bones appropriately aligned. The human body has more than six hundred skeletal muscles. One end of the muscle is called the origin, which stays relatively motionless during contractions. The other end is called the insertion. It is attached to a bone that moves mostly while contractions occur. When a skeletal muscle contracts, it pulls on the bone it’s attached to. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle, a flexor, is needed to flex or bend the joint. Muscles attach very close to muscle joints, and are arranged in either pairs or groups. Some of the muscles work in reciprocal innervation, or opposition. That is, when one muscle stimulates, no signals are sent to the other group. Therefore, it does not contract. Other muscles work in a synergistic role. That is, it supports and the contraction adds force or helps stabilize another muscle. The body has two basi... ...aracter plays a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who is sent to live at the Carrigmore Residential Home for the Disabled. He is only able to move his right hand, but befriends his roommate, who has cerebral palsy. In conclusion, the make up of our bodies relies on the health and stability of the muscular system, most importantly, our skeletal muscles. Without these muscles, our bodies would not be able to move and contract, which causes some of our everyday movements, such as flexing, and walking. Our bodies are actually more delicate than we are thought to believe. We were taught that our bodies are strong and that nothing can stop us. In reality, a single muscle can cause our entire body to diminish, proving the invalidity that our bodies are invincible. With that, we must learn to take care of our entire bodies, not just the outside, but the inside as well.

Communication Cycle

Anita Witek 10-12-2012 P1-P2Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. M1 Group communication In groups’ communication there are different people, some of them may like to talk a lot or be shy to talk. To make a group communication working everyone needs to be involved, and have some rules such a as when someone is talking no one is talking and everyone should listen to each other and have their own opinion or point of view. In heath and Soccial care setting group communication is used in everyday life. Related reading: Advantages of Argyle's TheoryThis is because the colleagues have group chats to discuss what they need to do (Collins Education, 2012). Formal Formal communication is when two people are talking to each other using the service. For example: when a person has a doctor appointment or being at work place and talk to your supervisor. The formal communications often stars with welcome such as ‘good morning’. In a health and social care setting formal communication is used nearly every day. This is because the workers talk to each other to pass on information and confirm certain things. Collins Education, 2012). In-formal In formal communication it’s hard to use with different social groups because everyone is different and everyone in groups or family and friends are using different type of method to communicate which is in formal communication. Sometimes people may do not understand each other when they are using in formal communication. In a health a nd social care setting in-formal communication can be difficult to use. This is because in a care home everyone is different and they come from different backgrounds.If there family or friends came to visit them in the care home in-formal communication would be used more as they are familiar with them. (Collins Education, 2012). One-to one For me it’s the same as face to face which means, person is talking to another person. Some of the people for example me I prefer one to one communication because I feel more relaxed and no nervous also I can look to someone eyes which shows the concentration and respect and listen carful also people may be friendly by smiling and start the nice conversation which may start from interact each other.In a health and social care setting one-to-one communication is used when the nurse needs to speak to the patient. It will be just the nurse and patient talking and if the patient needs to ask any questions they will feel comfortable as it is jus t them and the nurse. When other people are around the patient may not feel as comfortable because they do not want other people finding out about their needs. (Collins Education, 2012). Text messaging Most of the people are using text messaging to communicate specially teenagers; this is the quickest way to communicate with another person.However there are some disadvantages about text messaging which is the cost if people do not have a free text they need to control the balance, the second example is a network not always you can get a text and another example is people who are receiving a text it may do not understand someone feeling. In a health and social care setting text messaging may be used when the carers need to communicate with each other. This would be easier for them to text each other instead of walking around the building trying to find the person they want to give a quick message to. (Collins Education, 2012).Music and Drama Music and Drama is used in communication, some people may prefer to show the expression by acting or writing the song. The music communicate most with teenagers, for boys they mostly like to hear and communicate with a rap music and girls are mostly listen to the love songs when they have bad days. However the classic music is making the relaxed conversation. In a health and social care setting music and drama may be used if they do not want to communicate formally. This would be a fun way to communicate with some of the patients as it is something different. Collins Education, 2012). Speech People who came from a different location or form a different background have a own words which they are used to use or have a different accent. Most of the teenagers are using the slang which most of the adult are don’t understanding or some of the slang can everyone understand, However these days most of the words which we are using are not even in a dictionary. In a health and social care setting speech is very important becau se you need to be able to communicate with each other effectively. So your speech should be clear and understandable. Collins Education, 2012). Language Many people are grown with one language which may think this is the only way to communicate like me, however people as me in life time may start using the another language to communicate which is not the easiest way because some people may feel shy to talk or different reasons, most people who was born and learned with the first language are more prefer to communicate with the first language then the second. Now we can see that more people are growing up with multilingual communication which is good because they may learn several languages from birth.In a health and social care setting language is also important because many people may not speak the same language as you. You need to make sure your language is professional in a health and social care setting so everyone can understand you. (Collins Education, 2012). Non-verbal Non-ve rbal means communication without saying any words. For example when people are using a text communication they are using also no verbal communication because they do not says any words. Also when people are using body language and facial expression they are using a non-verbal communication.In a health and social care setting non-verbal communication is important because some people may not be able to speak or see. If they cannot speak you can send them a text message as an easy way to communicate with them. (Collins Education, 2012). REFERENCE LIST: Collins education. (2012). communication in health and social care. Available: http://www. collinseducation. com/resources/btechscunit1. pdf. Last accessed 12th November 2012. P2-Discuss theories of communication. Michael Argyle (1972),Michael Argyle (1972), said â€Å"that interpersonal communication was a skill that had to be learned, just as you would learn to drive a car. He said that when you are driving a car, you have to change y our method to match the conditions of what is happening on the road. †(markedbyteachers. com) Argyle argued that, communication involved much the same ‘cycle' as driving a car required. The stages involved in this cycle are: 1. Ideas occur- it may be that you can get a idea to communicate 2. Message coded- this is how people think about saying what they think . Message sent- this means when you send your message by speaking or writing or electronically. 4. Message received – this is when the person senses your message. 5. Message decoded- the person has to interpret or decode the message 6. Idea understood – this is when someone has understood your message. to try and clarify our ideas. Examples: 1. Idea: Hungry 2. Message coded: I'm hungry, I need food 3. Message sent: â€Å"I'm hungry, I fancy something to eat†. 4. Message received: I can tell from his body language that he has heard y message; he nods his head slightly 5. Message decoded: He decod es the message in his head 6. Message understood: He understands what I have said . http://www. markedbyteachers. com/gcse/health-and-social-care/developing-effective-communications-in-health-and-social-care. html Accessed on Monday 10th December 2012 Tuckman’s Model Forming: It’s a meeting people for the first time and sharing information with each other’s. Storming: This involves tension, struggle and sometimes arguments about the way the group might function.Norming: This is when group of people get together and has a meeting of agreeing on the group values. Performing: after all that, the group can begin to get some work done, on the basis of a relatively stable structure. Adjourning: is the break-up of the group, hopefully when the task is completed successfully, its purpose fulfilled; everyone can move on to new things, feeling good about what's been achieved. ( businessballs. com) http://www. ncsu. edu/csleps/leadership/Group%20Develoment%20-%20Tuckman. p df Accessed on Monday 10th December 2012

Counselor Ethical Boundaries and Practices Essay

Part of being a counselor requires an understanding of dual relationships and the boundaries that are in place between a client and their counselor. Being a good counselor requires an understanding of the role that ethics plays in the professional relationship. Ethics are not simply a way of protecting the client but offer protection to the counselor as well. Counselor Decision-Making and Counseling Examples In the counseling profession dual relationships also known as multiple relationships can be defined as a situation in which multiples roles exists between the counselor and the client. Callanan et al discuss the fact that when a counselor and a client â€Å"blend their professional relationship with a non-professional relationship, then ethical concerns must be considered (2014).† The boundaries that are set in place between a counselor and a client are done so to protect both parties. A counselor is in a position of power in the life of their client and if the boundaries are not in place, the counselor could take advantage of their client and cause difficulties for them. To determine if a boundary crossing or a dual relationship is ethical and appropriate with a client that I am treating I would look first to the ACA code of ethics to determine what is viewed as unethical dual relationships. The ACA code of ethics goes into some detail in regards to what is considered to be a n unethical dual relationship. ACA Code A.5.a states that a â€Å"sexual and/or romantic counselor– client interactions or relationships with current clients, their romantic partners, or their family members are prohibited (2014).† The code of ethics also explains that counselors are prohibited from providing counseling services to someone that they have previously had a sexual/romantic relationship with. If the  situation that I am involved in is not covered within the ethical guidelines, then I would seek the advise of my supervisor or trusted colleague to determine what their thoughts are in regards to the situation that I have found myself in. In making my decision, I would look to determine that the decisions being made would not adversely affect my client or myself. I would also look to determine if the change in relationship would be therapeutic to my client. If I was dealing with a situation where I was sexually attracted to my client or my client was sexually attracted to me; I would look to the ACA code of ethics and determine that a sexual relationship with a client is considered unethical. Geyer believes â€Å"there seems to be considerable agreement within both secular and Christian circles that romantic or sexual relationships are always unethical concurrent with or during counseling and virtually always unethical afterwards (Dual Role Relationships and Christian Counseling, 1994).† If during a counseling session with a client, they felt that I was not hearing them, it might be appropriate to do some self-disclosure. This is a boundary crossing but as long as the self-disclosure does not cause the client to feel negative effects then it is acceptable as a way to make sure the client understands the counseling is listening and understands what the client is feeling. If I was working in a small town that did not have other counseling options, then I might be placed in a position to have a dual relationship with a client. A friend could come to me needing assistance in dealing with an issue and due to the area that we live in, there might not be another counselor that they could go and see. In this situation, I believe a dual relationship would be allowed as long as the boundaries between friendship and counseling are fully laid out before beginning. The friend would have to come into the sessions not as a friend but as a client, someone that I am there to assist without passing judgment. If I had been treating a client who had been involved in car crash where their actions caused the death of the passenger in the car, would it be ethical for me to cross the boundary of leaving the office and going to the site of the accident. I believe in this case that it would be acceptable for me to cross that boundary and go with my client as a support system as they are trying to come to terms with their actions that caused the death of another. By going with them to the site of the accident, they are able to have a sense of being protected as they process what  transpired and led them to that point in their life. Ethical Issues and Dimensions The ACA Code of Ethics defines an appropriate amount of time of 5 years following the termination of therapy to be acceptable for a counselor to pursue a sexual/romantic relationship with a past client. I believe that in some instances 5 years would be a good amount of time to pass before looking for that type of relationship but in some cases longer might be better. I will have been in a very powerful position with my client and therefore depending on what they were receiving counseling for, it might not have been enough time for that power dynamic to have equaled out. If I were seeing a client and they invited me to their birthday party, this would be considered unethical because I would be seeing them outside of the counseling sessions. If services have been terminated and we are the five years out of the counseling relationship, I would be able to attend the party without fear of my actions being unethical. How the relationship with the client ended also plays a part in being able to interact with them after termination of therapy. Lebaw (2014) states that there are different types of termination of counseling services; the termination of services can be carefully planned or be totally unplanned and based on cases that were either successful or unsuccessful. If the termination of services was a negative experience for the client, it might be more ethical to not interact with them after the ending of the counseling sessions. Professional Collaboration Counseling It is important for counselors and other stakeholders to work together in regards to the care of a client. There are different situations in which multiple areas of help will be needed for the clients’ safety and well-being and it is important that each member of the team is able to communicate effectively with one another. Multidisciplinary Team It is important for a counselor in certain situations to be able to work with  other professionals to ensure the best care is being given to a client. If I have not been trained in handling addictions and have a client that is dealing with severe depression but is also an alcoholic then it would be beneficial for me to work in conjunction with their addiction counselor. Then as I am treating the client for their depression, the addiction counselor is working with them in regards to their alcohol addiction. In this case the addictions counselor and I would need to be able to communicate back and forth with one another to ensure that our client was receiving the best possible care for their co-occurring disorders. Also, with having another person involved in the care of the client it helps to keep the firm boundaries in place that maintains the safety of the client and myself. The addictions counselor and I would meet regularly to discuss our plans to achieve a detailed care plan tha t gives our client the best possible outcome. Staton and Gilligan (2003) define the objective of collaboration as â€Å"developing mutual agreement on ways to work together to provide the most effective services.† Fiddler et al (2010) said that â€Å"meaningful engagement and decisions should be made in collaboration with the patient about his/her treatment and future management.† The client should be a part of the process of the care plan and not just being told what is going to be taking place, it allows the client to have a voice in their treatment. If my client did not wish for me to collaborate with their addictions counselor, wanting to keep the two areas separate then I would need to treat the client solely within the scope of the depression. I would not be able to provide my client with any advice as to why they are drinking or even why they find it difficult to stop drinking. As an individual counselor working alone with the client, I need to be sure that I do nothing unethical with the client. By knowing what I have been trained in and informing my client that because I do not have the experience or training to treat them in regards to their addiction, I am not only taking car e of myself ethically but the client as well. Part of the job of a supervisor-counselor relationship is for them to not only train the student in what it is to be a counselor, but to be a support system for the student. This puts the supervisor in a position of extreme importance to the student. Not only is the supervisor putting forth a grade on the students’ performance, but they are also being confided in by the student with the  struggles the student is having. The supervisor could use this position to influence the student in an unethical way if they are not careful. It would be simple for the supervisor to manipulate the student’s feelings towards them. These are very similar to the things that a counselor could do to a client if they did not monitor themselves. AS a counselor, you have the trust of your client that everything you are doing is being done to help them and not harm them. A criteria that could be used to determine if something a fellow counselor is being done is ethical or not is by knowing and being familiar with the ACA code of ethics as well as the laws of the state that I am practicing in. If I found a fellow counselor acting in an unethical way it would be my duty to report them to the licensing board. The board is the only one who has the right to pass judgment and sentence on a counselor who has behaved unethically. Development of Ethics Ponton stated â€Å"In whatever specialty counselors practice, they are asked to provide expertise to the problem of balancing an individual’s needs, strengths, and identity with the group or society within which that individual functions (2009).† Since taking this course I have become more familiar with the roles that ethics needs to play in the relationship between not only counselor and client; but counselor and counselor, and counselor and supervisor. That each of these relationships forms a chain that needs to be strong and well defined. The role that ethics plays in the life of a counselor is something that is very important. Ethics are not just there to protect the client, they protect the counselor as well. From this course I have learned that there will be times when the lines between ethical and unethical are not going to be clearly defined; yet there is a support system available to me. I learned that there is nothing wrong with going to my community of counselors for support or direction when I am unsure of a step. This is a profession where not only do we help clients but we help each other. Conclusion Someone who is beginning in the counseling profession needs to be fully aware of the ethical guidelines set in place by not only the ACA but the state in which they are practicing. The code of ethics are not in place simply to  protect the client; but to also provide protection to the counselor. The role of ethics and boundaries is important and something that a counselor will need to continuously watch and learn about as the work with clients. Though boundaries can fluctuate they should never be crossed in a way that could harm a client. As a counselor, I need to know what cases that I can treat and those that I can’t and be willing to work with others to give my clients the best possible care. There are ethical guidelines for not only the interaction with clients but for the interactions with other counseling professionals. Without ethics to guide a counselor in their practice, they are in a position to do major harm to their clients. This course has shown me that ethics a re an integral part of the counseling profession and need to be respected. Refeences American Counseling Association (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author Callanan, P., Corey, C., Corey, G., & Corey, M. (2014). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions. Stamford:CT Fiddler, M., Borglin, G., Galloway, A., Jackson, C., McGowan, L., & Lovell, K. (2010). Once-a-week psychiatric ward round or daily inpatient team meeting? A multidisciplinary mental health team’s experience of new ways of working. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 19(2), 119-127. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2009.00652.x Geyer, M. C. (1994). Dual Role Relationships and Christian Counseling. Journal Of Psychology & Theology, 22(3), 187-195. Lebow, J. (2014). Stages of therapy: Engagement, assessment, and termination. In , Couple and family therapy: An integrative map of the territory (pp. 151-170). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14255-007 Ponton, R. F., & Duba, J. D. (2009). The â€Å"ACA Code of Ethics†: Articulating Counselin g’s Professional Covenant. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 87(1), 117-121. Staton, A. R., & Gilligan, T. D. (2003). Teaching School Counselors and School Psychologists to Work Collaboratively. Counselor Education & Supervision, 42(3), 162.

Simple Distillation Lab Report Essays

Simple Distillation Lab Report Essays Simple Distillation Lab Report Paper Simple Distillation Lab Report Paper Essay Topic: Simple Fractional distillation is almost the same as the simple distillation, the only preference is that in a fractional distillation, fractionating column is used which is attached at the top end of the pear-shaped flask and it is connected to the condenser as well. Vacuum distillation is a process used to reduce the pressure to a lower boiling point. In a vacuum distillation, the solvents boiling point should be over OFF or ICC. This distillation method is used to recuperate the solvents higher boiling point. Finish Thompson Inc. ) In a steam distillation process, the main objective is to separate the two components in a temperature that is lower than their decomposition point. Steam distillation is process of separation to separate natural aromatic compounds. In order for the boiling point of the mixture to subside, steam or water is to be put in the distillation apparatus. (Helplessnesss, 201 3) The group performed simple distillation in order to separate the al cohol content of vodka from the solution. The objective of this experiment was to separate the alcohol component in the Vodka (Antonio) and to compute for its percentage of ethanol. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Materials The materials the group used in this experiment are Vodka (Antonio), boiling tones, alcohol lamp and the quick-fit apparatus which consist of the following: iron stand, iron ring and iron clamp for support, pear-shaped distilling flask, distillation head, thermometer, thermometer adapter, condenser, vacuum adapter and test tubes. B. Methods The very first step in this experiment was to make the simple distillation set-up. The iron clamp attached to the iron stand became the supporting apparatus for the distillation head, which was connected to the pear-shaped flask and another iron clamp attached to the iron stand was supporting the condenser, which a art of the distillation head and the vacuum adapter was connected to. The thermometer was attached at the top end of the distillation head together with the thermometer adapter to see the regulation of the temperature. The group prepared 20 test tubes and it was calibrated to ml, marked the lower meniscus of it using a marker and labeled it accordingly. The group placed at least three boiling chips/stones into the pear-shaped distilling flask and added ml of Vodka (Antonio) inside the said flask. Boiling chips were placed inside the pear- shaped distilling flask in order to avoid bumping of molecules and prevention of avian a contamination. Alcohol lamp was used as the heat source. The group rotated it under the pear-shaped distilling flask in order for the liquid mixture to boil. Each of the calibrated and numbered test tubes, the group collected 0. Ml of distillate and while collecting the distillate, the temperature at which the distillate was collected was recorded.

Possessives and Apostrophes on SAT Writing 4 Key Tips

Possessives and Apostrophes on SAT Writing 4 Key Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you know how to determine if a noun should have an apostrophe? Do you know where to place apostrophes in possessive nouns? Do you know when to use there vs. they're? These are all topics that are tested on the SAT. The SAT Writing section has questions about possessive nouns and pronouns. In this article, I'll provide you with all the rules and strategies to correctly answer these questions. Possessives on the SAT Possessives indicate ownership. Here are some example sentences with the possessives underlined: Sergio’s kindness is amazing. The students’ behavior was unacceptable. Their voices should be heard. Generally, you can expect about 2-4 questions about possessives on the SAT. The questions on possessives will test your knowledge of possessive nouns and possessive pronouns. Possessive Nouns On the SAT, you will be tested on how to correctly form possessive nouns. Thankfully, the basic rules for forming possessive nouns are pretty simple. If a word is singular or if it’s plural but it doesn’t end in â€Å"s,† then you add an apostrophe and then an "s" to the end of the word. The giraffe’s neck is really long. The children’s playground has monkey bars. To create a possessive for a plural word that does end in â€Å"s,† just place the apostrophe after the â€Å"s.† I saw a dance troupe perform last night, and I was impressed with the dancers’ skills. Prayitno/Flickr On the SAT Writing section, the questions on possessive nouns are about determining whether an apostrophe is needed, and if so, whether the possessive is singular or plural. Should a Noun Be Possessive? To determine if a noun should be possessive, take the noun, put an â€Å"of† in front of it, and stick it after the noun or phrase that follows it. Here’s an example: The schools code of conduct is very strict. Here’s how you change the sentence to determine if â€Å"school† should be possessive: The code of conduct of the school is very strict. Does that make sense? Yes. The sentence is referring to the code of conduct belonging to the school; therefore, â€Å"school† should be possessive. This is the corrected sentence: The school’s code of conduct is very strict. Also, plural nouns don’t contain apostrophes. Check out this example: Incorrect: I downloaded 15 song’s yesterday. Correct: I downloaded 15 songs yesterday. Is the sentence describing "yesterday of the song?" No. That doesn't make much sense. The sentence is just using the plural form of the word â€Å"song† because there was more than one song downloaded. Because the noun isn’t being used as a possessive, there shouldn’t be an apostrophe. Should the Possessive Noun Be Plural or Singular? The other factor you’ll have to consider is whether a possessive should be plural or singular. As mentioned above, that can have an impact on where the apostrophe is placed. For example, â€Å"the candidate’s rhetoric† refers to the rhetoric of one candidate, and â€Å"the candidates’ rhetoric† refers to the rhetoric of more than one candidate. Use context clues to determine if the possessive should be singular or plural. Example: Every contestant’s goal was to win the grand prize. Should the possessive be singular or plural? This sentence can be tricky for some students. Are we referring to the goal of one contestant or many contestants. Some may incorrectly assume that the possessive should be plural. However, â€Å"every† implies that we’re talking about the goal of each contestant individually. To remember that â€Å"every† implies singular, think of â€Å"every† as â€Å"every single.† Check out another example: All of the contestants’ buzzers weren’t working. â€Å"All† implies more than one; therefore, we should use a plural possessive and the apostrophe should come after the â€Å"s.† SAT Example The SAT will test you on the issues we just discussed. Use your knowledge of possessive nouns to answer these questions. There are two nouns in this sentence, â€Å"bodies† and â€Å"biological clocks.† Based on the answer choices, we know that we have to determine whether each noun is a plural noun, a singular possessive, or a plural possessive. You should recognize that â€Å"biological clocks† is a plural noun; there is no noun or phrase that follows â€Å"biological clocks† before the comma, and the sentence is not referring to anything of the biological clocks. Therefore, that noun shouldn’t contain an apostrophe. Immediately, we can get rid of B and D. Now we have to determine whether â€Å"bodies† should be a noun or a possessive. Let’s try the replacement method. Is the sentence stating that circadian rhythms are controlled by the "biological clocks of the body?" Yes. The sentence is indicating possession and â€Å"bodies† should be in the possessive form. The correct answer is C. The sentence is referring to the body in general and not multiple bodies, so we use the singular possessive form. Try one more example: From the answer choices, we know we have to determine whether â€Å"waterways† should be a possessive or a plural noun. Again, let's use the replacement method. Is the sentence describing something of the waterways or referring to more than one waterway? It should be a plural noun without an apostrophe because the sentence is stating that acid-whey runoff can pollute waterways. There is nothing indicating possession. Therefore, we can eliminate B and D. Now the question becomes a verb tense question. Because the sentence begins in the present tense with â€Å"is,† the correct answer should also have a verb in the present tense to maintain consistency. The correct answer is A. Possessive Pronouns The SAT will also test you on possessive pronouns. Examples of possessive pronouns include â€Å"my,† â€Å"your,† â€Å"its,† â€Å"his,† â€Å"her,† â€Å"our,† and â€Å"their.† Most of the SAT questions on possessive pronouns will test you on the third person possessive pronouns â€Å"its† and â€Å"their.† There are two types of possessive pronoun questions: word choice and pronoun agreement. Word Choice Homophones These are the most common type of possessive pronoun questions. Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings. Typically, you’ll have to choose whether to use â€Å"there,† â€Å"they’re,† or â€Å"their.† Or you’ll have to choose between â€Å"its† and â€Å"it’s.† Here is a table showing these common homophones and how they're used. there- usually shows location or that something exists they're- contraction for "they are" their- plural possessive pronoun its- singular possessive pronoun it's- contraction for "it is" Check out these example sentences that demonstrate how these words are used: Incorrect: The girls said mean things. There statements were unkind. Correct: The girls said mean things. Their statements were unkind. In this sentence, we can determine that the underlined word should be a possessive pronoun by using the replacement technique. The sentence is saying that the statements of them were unkind. The word â€Å"there† can be used in multiple ways, but to keeps things simple, just remember that â€Å"their† indicates possession and â€Å"there† doesn’t. silverkeys/Flickr Also, keep in mind that the word â€Å"they’re† is a contraction for â€Å"they are.† You can only use â€Å"they’re† if it can be replaced with â€Å"they are.† Incorrect: I love my friends. Their the best. Correct: I love my friends. They’re the best. The underlined word is not indicating possession, but it can be replaced with â€Å"They are.† â€Å"They† is a pronoun that refers to my friends and â€Å"are† is the verb in the sentence. Check out one more example: Incorrect: The puppy was wagging it’s tail. Correct: The puppy was wagging its tail. The word â€Å"it’s† is a contraction of â€Å"it is.† The word â€Å"its† indicates possession. The sentence is referring to the tail of the puppy or the tail of it. To correctly answer these types of questions, use the replacement technique to determine if the underlined word should be a possessive pronoun. Possessive Pronoun Agreement There may also be questions dealing with pronoun agreement. The main rule you have to remember is that a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. Singular pronouns must refer to singular nouns and plural pronouns must refer to plural nouns. Here are some examples: Incorrect: Sheila untied their shoes. Correct: Sheila untied her shoes. Incorrect: The chairs had dust on its legs. Correct: The chairs had dust on their legs. In the first sentence, the pronoun â€Å"their† describes the shoes of Sheila. Because Sheila is one person, we need to use the singular pronoun â€Å"her.† In the second sentence, the underlined pronoun refers to the legs of the chairs. Because â€Å"chairs† is plural, we should use the plural possessive pronoun â€Å"their.† SAT Examples Answer these questions related to possessive pronouns. First, let’s determine if the underlined word should be a contraction or a possessive. Does the word mean â€Å"it is† or is it a possessive? Let's try the replacement technique. Does this sentence work? Scientists have long known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening snow and ice, limiting the ability of snow and ice to reflect the Sun's rays. Yes. That works. The sentence is referring to the ability of snow and ice to reflect the Sun’s rays; therefore the underlined word is a possessive. So we can get rid of A and C. Now we have to determine if the possessive pronoun should be singular or plural. What has the ability to reflect the Sun's rays? Snow and ice. That's two things, so the pronoun that takes their place needs to be plural. The correct answer is D. Try one more possessive pronoun question. In this question, there are two words in the underlined phrase that could be possessive pronouns. The first is the word â€Å"they’re,† which is a contraction for â€Å"they are.† Should that word remain the same, be the word â€Å"there,† or the possessive pronoun â€Å"their?† The sentence implies that the word is referring to the value of his findings, or â€Å"their value.† Therefore, we can immediately eliminate A and C. Next, let’s look at the underlined pronoun â€Å"their† after â€Å"in.† That word also refers to findings and should be a possessive. Thus, that word should remain the same and the correct answer is B. Review: Strategies for Possessive Questions Here are the most important tips to remember to conquer the SAT Writing questions about possessives. #1: Use the Replacement Technique Once you see a possessive underlined or in the answer choices, make sure you determine whether the word should be a possessive. Remember that â€Å"Justin’s book† is another way of saying â€Å"the book of Justin.† If you saw â€Å"Justins book,† you should recognize that there is an error because the phrase is referring to the book of Justin. If a sentence doesn’t work using the replacement technique, then the underlined word is not a possessive. #2: Singular or Plural? If you determine that one of the underlined words should be a possessive, then you need to decide whether the possessive should be in the singular or plural form. Use the replacement technique, and if the possessive is "of (singular noun)," then you need a singular possessive. If the possessive is "of (plural noun)," use a plural possessive. #3: Focus on Apostrophe Rules For possessive nouns, remember your apostrophe rules. For singular nouns or plural nouns that don’t end in â€Å"s,† just add an apostrophe to the word and then an â€Å"s.† For plural nouns that end in â€Å"s,† just and an apostrophe after the â€Å"s.† #4: Know Your Contractions On possessive questions, you may have to choose between â€Å"it’s† and â€Å"its† or â€Å"their† and â€Å"they’re.† Remember that â€Å"it’s† is a contraction for â€Å"it is† and â€Å"they’re† is a contraction for â€Å"they are.† If you select â€Å"it’s,† the sentence would have to make sense and be grammatically correct if you substituted â€Å"it’s† for â€Å"it is.† Similarly, if you selected â€Å"they’re,† the sentence would have to work if you substituted â€Å"they’re† for â€Å"they are.† What's Next? As you continue your SAT Writing studying, make sure you know the 12 most important grammar rules. Also, pay special attention to punctuation and transitions. Finally, if you're familiar with the old SAT, find out how SAT Writing has changed. 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Self-Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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See word Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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